In this document
See also
- Style and Theme Resources
R.style
for Android styles and themesR.attr
for all style attributes
A style is a collection of properties that
specify the look and format for a View
or window.
A style can specify properties such as height, padding, font color, font size,
background color, and much more. A style is defined in an XML resource that is
separate from the XML that specifies the layout.
Styles in Android share a similar philosophy to cascading stylesheets in web design—they allow you to separate the design from the content.
For example, by using a style, you can take this layout XML:
<TextView android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textColor="#00FF00" android:typeface="monospace" android:text="@string/hello" />
And turn it into this:
<TextView style="@style/CodeFont" android:text="@string/hello" />
All of the attributes related to style have been removed from the layout XML and put into a
style definition called CodeFont
, which is then applied with the style
attribute. You'll see the definition for this style in the following section.
A theme is a style applied to an entire Activity
or
application, rather than an individual View
(as in the example above). When a
style is applied as a theme, every View in the Activity or application will apply each style
property that it supports. For example, you can apply the same CodeFont
style
as a theme for an Activity and then all text inside that Activity will have green monospace
font.
Defining Styles
To create a set of styles, save an XML file in the res/values/
directory of your project. The name of the XML file is arbitrary, but it must use the
.xml
extension and be saved in the res/values/
folder.
The root node of the XML file must be <resources>
.
For each style you want to create, add a <style>
element to the file
with a name
that uniquely identifies the style (this attribute is required).
Then add an <item>
element for each property of that style, with a
name
that declares the style property and a value to go with it (this attribute
is required). The value for the <item>
can
be a keyword string, a hex color, a reference to another resource type, or other value
depending on the style property.
Here's an example file with a single style:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <style name="CodeFont" parent="@android:style/TextAppearance.Medium"> <item name="android:layout_width">fill_parent</item> <item name="android:layout_height">wrap_content</item> <item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item> <item name="android:typeface">monospace</item> </style> </resources>
Each child of the <resources>
element is converted into an application resource
object at compile-time, which can be referenced by the value in the <style>
element's
name
attribute. This example style can be referenced from an XML layout as
@style/CodeFont
(as demonstrated in the introduction above).
The parent
attribute in the <style>
element is optional and
specifies the resource ID of another style from which this style should inherit
properties. You can then override the inherited style properties if you want to.
Remember, a style that you want to use as an Activity or application theme is defined in XML exactly the same as a style for a View. A style such as the one defined above can be applied as a style for a single View or as a theme for an entire Activity or application. How to apply a style for a single View or as an application theme is discussed later.
Inheritance
The parent
attribute in the <style>
element lets you specify a style
from which your style should inherit properties.
You can use this to inherit properties from an existing style and
then define only the properties that you want to change or add. You can
inherit from styles that you've created yourself or from styles that are built into the
platform. (See Using Platform Styles and Themes, below, for
information about inheriting from styles defined by the Android platform.) For example, you can
inherit the Android platform's default text appearance and then modify it:
<style name="GreenText" parent="@android:style/TextAppearance"> <item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item> </style>
If you want to inherit from styles that you've defined yourself, you do not have to use
the parent
attribute. Instead, just prefix the name of the style you want to
inherit to the name of your new style, separated by a period. For example, to create a new style
that inherits the CodeFont
style defined above, but make the color red,
you can author the new style like this:
<style name="CodeFont.Red"> <item name="android:textColor">#FF0000</item> </style>
Notice that there is no parent
attribute in the <style>
tag, but because
the name
attribute begins with the CodeFont
style name (which
is a style that you have created), this style inherits all style properties from that style. This
style then overrides the android:textColor
property to make the text red. You can
reference this new style as @style/CodeFont.Red
.
You can continue inheriting like
this as many times as you'd like, by chaining names with periods. For example, you can
extend CodeFont.Red
to be bigger, with:
<style name="CodeFont.Red.Big"> <item name="android:textSize">30sp</item> </style>
This inherits from both CodeFont
and CodeFont.Red
styles, then adds the
android:textSize
property.
Note: This technique for inheritance by chaining together
names only works for styles defined by your own resources. You can't inherit Android built-in styles
this way. To reference a built-in style, such as TextAppearance
, you must
use the parent
attribute.
Style Properties
Now that you understand how a style is defined, you need to learn what kind
of style properties—defined by the <item>
element—are available.
You're probably familiar with some already, such as layout_width
and
textColor
. Of course, there are many more style properties you can use.
The best place to find properties that apply to a specific View
is the
corresponding class reference, which lists all of the supported XML attributes. For example, all of the
attributes listed in the table of
TextView XML
attributes can be used in a style definition for a TextView
element (or one of
its subclasses). One of the attributes listed in the reference is android:inputType
, so where you might normally place the android:inputType
attribute in an <EditText>
element, like this:
<EditText android:inputType="number" ... />
You can instead create a style for the EditText
element that includes this property:
<style name="Numbers"> <item name="android:inputType">number</item> ... </style>
So your XML for the layout can now implement this style:
<EditText style="@style/Numbers" ... />
This simple example may look like more work, but when you add more style properties and factor-in the ability to re-use the style in various places, the pay-off can be huge.
For a reference of all available style properties, see the R.attr
reference. Keep in mind that all View objects don't accept all the same style attributes, so you
should normally refer to the specific View
class for supported style
properties. However, if you
apply a style to a View that does not support all of the style properties, the View will
apply only those properties that are supported and simply ignore the others.
Some style properties, however, are not supported by any View element and can only be applied
as a theme. These style properties apply to the entire window and not to any type of View.
For example, style properties for a theme can hide the application title, hide the status bar,
or change the window's background. These kind of style properties do not belong to any View object.
To discover these theme-only style properties, look at the R.attr
reference for
attributes that begin with window
. For instance, windowNoTitle
and windowBackground
are style properties that are effective only when the style is applied as
a theme to an Activity or application. See the next section for information about applying a
style as a theme.
Note: Don't forget to prefix the property names in each
<item>
element with the android:
namespace. For example:
<item name="android:inputType">
.
Applying Styles and Themes to the UI
There are two ways to set a style:
- To an individual View, by adding the
style
attribute to a View element in the XML for your layout. - Or, to an entire Activity or application, by adding the
android:theme
attribute to the<activity>
or<application>
element in the Android manifest.
When you apply a style to a single View
in the layout, the properties
defined by the style are applied only to that View
. If a style is applied to a
ViewGroup
, the child View
elements will
not inherit the style properties—only the element to which you directly apply
the style will apply its properties. However, you can apply a style so that it
applies to all View
elements—by applying the style as a theme.
To apply a style definition as a theme, you must apply the style to an
Activity
or application in the Android manifest. When you do so,
every View
within the Activity or
application will apply each property that it supports. For example, if you apply the CodeFont
style from the previous examples to an Activity, then all View elements
that support the text style properties will apply them. Any View that does not support
the properties will ignore them. If a View supports only some of the properties, then
it will apply only those properties.
Apply a style to a View
Here's how to set a style for a View in the XML layout:
<TextView style="@style/CodeFont" android:text="@string/hello" />
Now this TextView will be styled as defined by the style named CodeFont
.
(See the sample above, in Defining Styles.)
Note: The style
attribute
does not use the android:
namespace prefix.
Apply a theme to an Activity or application
To set a theme for all the activities of your application, open the AndroidManifest.xml
file and
edit the <application>
tag to include the android:theme
attribute with the
style name. For example:
<application android:theme="@style/CustomTheme">
If you want a theme applied to just one Activity in your application, then add the
android:theme
attribute to the <activity>
tag instead.
Just as Android provides other built-in resources, there are many pre-defined themes that you can use, to avoid
writing them yourself. For example, you can use the Dialog
theme and make your Activity
appear like a dialog box:
<activity android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Dialog">
Or if you want the background to be transparent, use the Translucent theme:
<activity android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Translucent">
If you like a theme, but want to tweak it, just add the theme as the parent
of your custom theme. For example, you can modify the traditional light theme to use your own
color like this:
<color name="custom_theme_color">#b0b0ff</color> <style name="CustomTheme" parent="android:Theme.Light"> <item name="android:windowBackground">@color/custom_theme_color</item> <item name="android:colorBackground">@color/custom_theme_color</item> </style>
(Note that the color needs to supplied as a separate resource here because
the android:windowBackground
attribute only supports a reference to
another resource; unlike android:colorBackground
, it can not be given
a color literal.)
Now use CustomTheme
instead of Theme.Light
inside the Android
Manifest:
<activity android:theme="@style/CustomTheme">
Select a theme based on platform version
Newer versions of Android have additional themes available to applications, and you might want to use these while running on those platforms while still being compatible with older versions. You can accomplish this through a custom theme that uses resource selection to switch between different parent themes, based on the platform version.
For example, here is the declaration for a custom theme which is simply
the standard platforms default light theme. It would go in an XML file under
res/values
(typically res/values/styles.xml
):
<style name="LightThemeSelector" parent="android:Theme.Light"> ... </style>
To have this theme use the newer holographic theme when the application is running
on Android 3.0 (API Level 11) or higher, you can place an alternative
declaration for the theme in an XML file in res/values-v11
, but make the parent theme
the holographic theme:
<style name="LightThemeSelector" parent="android:Theme.Holo.Light"> ... </style>
Now use this theme like you would any other, and your application will automatically switch to the holographic theme if running on Android 3.0 or higher.
A list of the standard attributes that you can use in themes can be
found at R.styleable.Theme
.
For more information about providing alternative resources, such as themes and layouts, based on the platform version or other device configurations, see the Providing Resources document.
Using Platform Styles and Themes
The Android platform provides a large collection of styles and themes that you can
use in your applications. You can find a reference of all available styles in the
R.style
class. To use the styles listed here, replace all underscores in
the style name with a period. For example, you can apply the
Theme_NoTitleBar
theme with
"@android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar"
.
The R.style
reference, however, is not well documented and does not
thoroughly describe the styles, so viewing the actual source code for these styles and
themes will give you a better understanding of what style properties each one provides.
For a better reference to the Android styles and themes, see the following source code:
These files will help you learn through example. For instance, in the Android themes source code,
you'll find a declaration for <style name="Theme.Dialog">
. In this definition,
you'll see all of the properties that are used to style dialogs that are used by the Android
framework.
For more information about the syntax for styles and themes in XML, see the Style Resource document.
For a reference of available style attributes that you can use to define a style or theme
(e.g., "windowBackground" or "textAppearance"), see R.attr
or the respective
View class for which you are creating a style.